An image shows two illustrations of nephron. The first image is an anterior view of a cross-section of the right kidney. The fluid flow through the nephron and the types of neurons are labeled. The second image is the functional anatomy of a nephron. Each of the aforementioned images links to a more detailed screen. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; The nephron is the functional unit of kidney. The nephron alters blood composition, regulates blood pH, and affects blood volume and pressure.
An image shows a diagram explaining the three basic functions of a nephron; glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The nephron’s inverted C-shaped structure is labeled renal corpuscle followed by a long tubule that is labeled renal tubule and collecting duct. The afferent arteriole enters into the C of the renal corpuscle, and blood is filtered and enters renal tubule, which is marked by right arrow. The fluid from renal tubule is reabsorbed into blood labeled tubular reabsorption from tubular fluid into blood and marked by downward arrow from renal tubule into peritubular capillaries. The fluid from blood is secreted into renal tubule labeled tubular secretion from blood into tubular fluid and marked by upward arrow from peritubular capillaries into renal tubule. The efferent arteriole exits the capsule and runs along the bottom of the renal corpuscle, tubule, and collecting duct by peritubular capillaries. Each of the aforementioned images links to a more detailed screen. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, A nephron consists of two parts; the renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Blood is filtered at the renal corpuscle. The filtrate is altered by reabsorption and secretion along the renal tubule.
An image shows multipart illustrations of renal corpuscle and related structures. The first image is a micrograph of the podocyte. The parts labeled are as follows; fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina, and pedicel. The second image is the light micrograph of a renal corpuscle. The parts labeled are as follows; parietal layer of glomerular Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, juxtaglomerular cell, macula densa, ascending limb of loop of Henle, efferent arteriole, and proximal convoluted tubule. The third image is the cross-section of a renal corpuscle. The parts labeled are as follows; as follows; parietal layer of glomerular Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, juxtaglomerular cell, podocyte, macula densa, ascending limb of loop of Henle, efferent arteriole, and proximal convoluted tubule. Lining the inside of the corpuscle is the parietal layer of glomerular Bowman's capsule separated from the podocyte of glomerular Bowman's capsule by the capsular space. The glomerulus is illustrated to separate the podocyte from the arterioles. A pedicel is present on the podocyte. The afferent arteriole enters the corpuscle with the nerve supply, and the efferent arteriole exits the corpuscle below. The ascending limb of the nephron loop is between the arterioles and is lined with macula densa cells. The proximal convoluted tubule extends from the corpuscle opposite to the arterioles. An arrow from podocyte of cross-section of renal corpuscle points up to fourth image. The fourth image is the enlarged view of the podocyte. The parts labeled are as follows; fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina, slit membrane, pedicel, podocyte, and filtration slit. The podocyte of glomerular Bowman's capsule are present with filtration slits and pedicel. The details of the filtration membrane are presented as three layers, from innermost to outermost are fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina, and slit membrane. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, 1. Glomerulus is a system of thin-walled capillaries that allow filtration from blood into the capsular space. 2. Glomerular Bowman's capsule provides a shell for the glomerulus, takes part in creating the glomerular filtration membrane, and receives the filtrate. 3. The glomerular filtration membrane allows filtration of water and ions and prevents filtration of blood cells and medium to large proteins. 4. The juxtaglomerular apparatus, consisting of a cluster of cells near the glomerular walls of the afferent arteriole juxtaglomerular cells and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle macula densa, takes part in regulating fluid flow through the nephron.
An image shows multipart illustrations of the renal tubule. The first image is the renal tubule in which the parts labeled are as follows; proximal convoluted tubule; loop of Henle; thick descending limb, thin descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb; distal convoluted tubule; and collecting duct. In the renal tubule, the proximal convoluted tubule starts downward to a thicker descending limb, which extends deep into the renal medulla and connects to a thin and thick ascending limb to form a U shape. This tube continues upward to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule curves downward to the collecting duct. The second image is the histology of proximal convoluted tubule, which shows cells with nuclei and apical surface of microvilli and associated text reads; simple cuboidal epithelial cells with prominent brush border of microvilli. The third image is the histology of thick descending limb showing cells with nuclei and apical surface of microvilli and associated text reads; simple cuboidal epithelial cells with prominent brush border of microvilli. The fourth image is the histology of thin descending limb, which shows flattened cells with nuclei. Associated text reads; simple squamous epithelial cells. The fifth image is the histology of thin ascending limb showing flattened cells with nuclei and associated text reads; simple squamous epithelial cells. The sixth image is the histology of thick ascending limb that shows simple cuboidal cells with nuclei and associated text reads; simple cuboidal to low columnar cells. The seventh image is the histology of distal convoluted tubule that shows simple cuboidal cells with prominent nuclei and associated text reads; simple cuboidal epithelial cells. The eighth image is the histology of collecting duct that shows an alternating row of intercalated cells with microvilli and principal cells. Associated text reads; simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of principal cells and intercalated cells. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, 1. Cells in the PCT and portions of the thick descending limb have microvilli, which are important in increasing reabsorption and secretion of water and many solutes. 2. Cells in the thin ascending and descending limbs of loop of Henle allow easy water reabsorption. 3. Cells in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle slow down water reabsorption and provide active sodium chloride reabsorption. 4. DCT cells allow some reabsorption of water and salts. They are also target cells for parathyroid hormone and therefore important in calcium balance. 5. Principal cells in the collecting duct are target cells for both antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone and therefore important in water and electrolyte balance. Intercalated cells are important in pH balance.
An image shows a three-part illustration of fluid flow through a nephron. The first image is a juxtamedullary nephron. The parts labeled are as follows; peritubular capillary, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, collecting duct, vasa recta, renal cortex, renal medulla, papillary duct, minor calyx, and urine. The nephron consists of a thicker descending limb, which extends deep into the renal medulla and connects to a thin and thick ascending limb to form a U shape. The renal arteries and veins connect to capillaries, which surround the nephron; an afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus; and an efferent arteriole exits. The second image shows a flowchart diagram of the flow of fluid through a juxtamedullary nephron as follows; Glomerular Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle, thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle, thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule drains into collecting duct. The third image is the cross-section of the right kidney that shows urine passing from renal pelvis and dripping through ureter. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, 1. Fluid flow through the nephron is highly regulated to ensure that appropriate levels of water and solutes are processed by the renal tubules. 2. Glomerulus is a system of thin-wall capillaries that allow filtration from blood into the capsular space. 3. Glomerular Bowman's capsule provides a shell for the glomerulus, takes part in creating the glomerular filtration membrane, and receives the filtrate. 4. The glomerular filtration membrane allows filtration of water and ions and prevents filtration of blood cells and medium to large proteins.
An image shows a two-part illustration of cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron. The first image is the cortical nephron. The parts labeled are as follows; renal capsule, distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, peritubular capillary, renal corpuscle; glomerular Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, renal cortex, renal medulla, afferent arteriole, loop of Henle; descending limb, thick ascending limb, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, and urine. The nephron extends from the renal cortex through the medulla and back again. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus within the C-shaped glomerular Bowman's capsule. The afferent arteriole enters the capsule, and the efferent arteriole exits the capsule. The proximal convoluted tubule extends from the capsule, curves downward into the descending limb, and then curves up into the ascending limb. This is the U-shaped nephron loop within the medulla. This tube continues upward to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule curves downward to the collecting duct, which leads to the papillary duct and the minor calyx, where it produces urine. The nephron is entwined with a network of peritubular capillaries. The second image is the juxtamedullary nephron. The parts labeled are as follows; renal capsule, distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, peritubular capillary, renal corpuscle; glomerular Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, vasa recta, renal cortex, renal medulla, afferent arteriole, loop of Henle; descending limb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, and urine. In the renal tubule, the proximal convoluted tubule starts downward to a thicker descending limb. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus within the C-shaped glomerular Bowman's capsule. The afferent arteriole enters the capsule, and the efferent arteriole exits the capsule. The thick descending limb extends deep into the renal medulla and connects to a thin and thick ascending limb to form a U shape. This tube continues upward to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule curves downward to the collecting duct, which leads to the papillary duct and the minor calyx, where it produces urine. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, 1. Cortical nephrons are the most common type of nephron. 2. Juxtamedullary nephrons allow the kidneys to produce very concentrated urine.