An illustration shows three images; the frontal section of shoulder joint, an anterior view of a human skeleton, and an anterosuperior view of the pelvic girdle. In the first image, the hyaline cartilage above the shoulder bone covers the spongy bone tissue. The lower portion of bone, where the humerus begins, is compact bone tissue. Dense regular connective tissue is present both above and below the shoulder. In the second image, the axial and appendicular sections of the human skeleton are highlighted. The left leg bone is labeled, anatomy of a long bone. The third image shows the pelvic girdle. The center portion of the girdle, which connects the two hip bones, is labeled fibrocartilage. The images labeled hyaline cartilage, spongy bone tissue, compact bone tissue, dense regular connective tissue, anatomy of a long bone, and fibrocartilage, are each linked to more detailed screens. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; The bones and joints of the skeletal system of the human body consist of bone tissues, dense regular connective tissue, and cartilage tissues. These tissues provide support and protection, take part in mineral homeostasis, and house the blood-forming tissue.
An illustration shows two images; a micrograph of hyaline cartilage and a magnified view of the matrix containing ground substance and collagen. The upper portion of the micrograph is labeled perichondrium, which is above the matrix. Below the perichondrium are several small cavities labeled lacunae. The lacunae contain cells labeled chondrocytes, which each contain a nucleus. The magnified image shows the inside of the matrix, and has the following parts labeled; lacunae, chondrocytes in lacunae, and nucleus of chondrocyte. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, 1. Permits flexibility and support. 2. Reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints. 3. Provides a smooth surface for joint movement.
An illustration shows three images; a cross section of part of a trabecula, the spongy bone trabeculae, and a micrograph. The first image shows a spongy bone trabecula is comprised of interstitial lamellae surrounded by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are small, elongated cells with a nucleus each. An osteoclast, a large multinucleated cell, is on the side of the trabecular that attaches to other structures. Canaliculi are illustrated radiating inside the layers of the interstitial lamellae, which also contain stellate-shaped osteocytes. In the second image, the trabecula is attached to root-like structures. The osteoblast, osteocyte, canaliculi, osteoclast, and interstitial lamellae are all labeled. In the third image, the micrograph reveals red bone marrow running through it, inside of which are several osteocytes. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, Trabeculae, the structural unit of spongy bone, are arranged in an irregular lattice providing space for red bone marrow.
An illustration shows three images of an osteon; a cutaway section, a micrograph, and an expanded view. In the first image, rings of concentric lamellae surround the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which are positioned around the central Haversian canal. Located on the outer edge of the compact bone is the periosteum, which is comprised of an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer. In the second image, an inner ring of concentric lamellae and a hollow structure in the center are labeled as the central Haversian canal. Lacunae are present in between the concentric lamellae and the central Haversian canal. The third image, shows the osteocyte, along with small spaces of the lacunae and branched canaliculi, in an expanded view. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, Osteon; the structural unit of compact bone, aligned in the same direction along lines of stress. Lamella; ring-shaped layer of collagen and calcified matrix within the osteon. Lacuna; space between lamellae housing an osteocyte. Central Haversian canal; central region of an osteon; contains blood vessels and nerves. Canaliculi; small tunnels connecting lacunae; provide a pathway for exchange between osteocytes. Osteocyte; cell that maintains bony tissue.
An illustration shows two images of dense regular connective tissue; a micrograph and a magnified view. In the first image, wavy structures labeled collagen bundles are arranged in parallel rows with oval-shaped nuclei. In the second image, the collagen bundles are arranged in parallel rows, and nuclei are present inside irregular cell-like structures. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, Dense regular connective tissue, called white fibrous tissue because of its white appearance, resists stress and pressure in one direction. This tissue forms tendons, connecting muscles to bones and ligaments, and connecting bones to bones.
An illustration shows two images; an illustration of a partially sectioned humerus and a photo of a partially sectioned femur. In the first image, the proximal end of a humerus is labeled proximal epiphysis. The metaphysis is the name for the tapering portion of both the proximal and distal ends. The diaphysis is the long center of the bone, and it tapers into the metaphysis at the distal end, which connects to the distal epiphysis. The articular cartilage at the proximal end of the bone encases spongy bone, which is interspersed with red bone marrow. The epiphyseal line separates the epiphysis from the metaphysis. The diaphysis is comprised of compact bone, which makes up the exterior; the endosteum. The endosteum lines the medullary cavity, which contains bone marrow and the periosteum. The nutrient artery in the nutrient foramen runs through the medullary cavity. In the second image, the photo of the femur, the proximal epiphysis, metaphysis, spongy bone, epiphyseal line, periosteum, endosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, and nutrient artery in nutrient foramen are labeled. These are all located in similar places as they are in the humerus. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; The diaphysis is the elongated part of the bone. Epiphyses are the part of a long bone that articulates with adjacent bones. Metaphysis is where the epiphyses join to the diaphysis in mature bones epiphyseal line. In growing bones, it contains the epiphyseal plates, which are the bone elongation areas. Articular cartilages, consisting of hyaline cartilage, reduce friction and absorb shocks at freely moveable joints. The periosteum, consisting of dense regular connective tissue, promotes bone growth in width or diameter. It also can act as the attachment sites for ligaments and tendons. The endosteum lines the medullary cavity providing the ability to remodel the bone. The medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow, which consists of adipose tissue. Red bone marrow also contains adipose tissue but is also the site of production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
An illustration shows two images of fibrocartilage; a micrograph and a magnified view. In the first image, thread-like structures are labeled as collagen fibers in matrix. The cell-like structures present in the matrix are labeled as lacunae containing chondrocytes. Inside each one, an eye-like structure is labeled as the nucleus of the chondrocyte. In the second image, the parts are labeled as follows; collagen fibers in matrix, lacuna containing chondrocyte, and nucleus of chondrocyte. Text at the bottom of the screen reads; Functions, 1. Provides support. 2. Resists compression and shearing forces. 3. Provides shock absorption.